Context Is Key

One of the most fundamental rules of Bible interpretation is that context determines meaning. The context includes the historical, cultural, and literary setting of a passage. When determining whether something is literal or symbolic, you need to consider:

• Historical Context: What did the original audience understand? For example, in Revelation, many of the visions are clearly symbolic because the original hearers would have understood them in that way due to their familiarity with Old Testament prophetic imagery.
• Literary Context: Is the passage part of a poem, prophecy, narrative, or parable? Poetic language (like in Psalms) and parables (like those told by Jesus) often use symbols or figures of speech. On the other hand, historical narrative tends to describe events literally.
• Immediate Context: Does the surrounding text give clues to the meaning? For example, Jesus’ statements about being the “vine” in John 15 are understood as symbolic because of the context (the metaphor of the vine and branches is meant to teach about relationship, not literal vines).

Genre of the Text

The genre or type of literature significantly influences how we interpret a passage. Different genres have different rules for interpretation:

• Historical Narrative: Passages that tell stories or recount events (e.g., Genesis, the Gospels, Acts) are typically understood literally, unless there is a clear indication otherwise (e.g., symbolic dreams or visions).
• Poetry and Wisdom Literature: Books like Psalms, Proverbs, and Song of Solomon contain metaphors, similes, and figures of speech that point to symbolic or figurative meanings. For example, Psalm 23 speaks of God leading the psalmist “beside still waters,” which is symbolic of peace and restoration, not literal water.
• Prophecy: Books like Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Revelation use rich symbolic language. Prophetic books often contain visions, allegories, and symbols to communicate deeper spiritual truths. The key is to understand the nature of prophecy, which is often figurative.
• Epistles (Letters): The letters written by Paul and other apostles (e.g., Romans, Ephesians) are often more straightforward and doctrinal, with less use of symbolism. However, they can still use metaphorical language for explanation, as seen in Ephesians 6:10-17, where the “armor of God” is symbolic of spiritual truths.

Literal and Figurative Language in Scripture

The Bible itself often indicates when it is using symbolic or figurative language. For example, in John 10:7, Jesus says, “I am the door of the sheep,” which clearly indicates a metaphorical use of “door” rather than a literal door.

Some other indicators of symbolism include:

• Explicit Statements: If the Bible says something like “I saw a vision” (as in the book of Revelation), or “like” or “as” (such as in similes), it’s a clue that the passage is using figurative language.
• Cultural or Historical Symbols: Ancient cultural symbols, like the “lamb” being a symbol of sacrifice, can often have symbolic meanings that are well understood within their historical context.

The Nature of the Passage

Ask what the purpose of the passage is. Is it teaching a moral, a theological point, or recounting an event?

• Doctrinal Teachings: Doctrines like salvation, the nature of God, or Christian conduct are often straightforward and literal.
• Allegories and Parables: Jesus often used parables, such as the parable of the sower (Luke 8:4-15), where he explained the seed, soil, and sower as representing the Word of God, hearts, and messengers, respectively. Here, the elements of the story represent deeper spiritual truths.
• Apocalyptic Literature: In books like Revelation or Daniel, symbolic imagery is heavily used. These images are often explained within the text or by other parts of Scripture. For example, in Revelation 1:20, the seven stars represent angels, and the seven lampstands represent churches.

Theological Consistency

The Bible is internally consistent in its theology. Any interpretation of a passage—whether literal or symbolic—should align with the overall teaching of Scripture. For example, God is not a literal rock (Deuteronomy 32:4), but the use of “rock” is symbolic of His stability and dependability.

The Use of Jesus and Apostolic Teaching

The New Testament often clarifies how to understand certain Old Testament passages. For example, Jesus Himself interprets His own parables (Luke 8:9-15) and uses symbolic language. His teaching can serve as a guide to understanding what is figurative or literal.

A Balanced Approach

The Bible uses both literal and symbolic language, and interpreting Scripture requires discernment, careful study, and attention to context. The key is to approach the text with respect, understanding the author’s intent, and using sound principles of interpretation. When in doubt, look for clarity within the passage itself, the larger biblical narrative, and the historical-cultural setting.

Written by Jeyran Main

---

🙏 Let the Journey Continue…

If this message touched your heart, there’s more where it came from. Explore other Spirit-led insights and reflections to deepen your walk with Christ.

👉 Read more from Ink and Insight

💬 What are your thoughts?

We’d love to hear from you. Share how God speaks to you, or ask a question on your heart.

📩 Message us here

📩 Have a faith question? Visit Deciphered — a place for seekers, doubters, and believers alike.